The aging problem of China

The aging problem of China Introduction Today, China is a hot item in the media because of its fast growing economy. Some people are even afraid of this because they think it is a threat to our own economy. This because of the differences in the political and economical system of china compared to our political and economical systems. The Peoples Republic of China, also known as China, was established in 1949. Its land covers a large part of centre Asia. In the 1950s, its population was estimated at around 30 percent of the total global population (Naughton, 2007). Because of this huge amount of people, the Chinese government came up with a plan to put a hold to this growing population. They set a law which prohibited each family to have more than one child, the so-called One-Child Policy. The population of China today is relatively young, with a low dependency rate. This is favorable for economic growth (Naughton, 2007). In the future this will lead to an imbalance of the population. This because each working citizen has two elder (parents), this means a working class which is far too small on the total population. Every year, the number of elderly people in China rises with approximately three percent. A way to describe this is calling this a Four-Two-One problem. Which means one child has to take care of two parents and four grand parents (Vandendriessche, 2008). The research question which I will try to answer is the following: How is china going to handle the aging problem of the population? To answer this question, I divided this question into several sub-question, namely: How has this aging problem risen? What are the difficulties which china is facing because of this problem? How do the Chinese old people deal with their longevity financially? Motivation of the subject: The subject of Chinese economy is interesting to me because I have little faith in the current economic system of the western society. I believe this economic system based on debts, is not what we would like in the future. And China is one of the few economies which is growing at the moment, despite the current Financial Crisis. Chinas economy will expand 7.2 percent in 2009 from a year earlier. (Bloomberg.com, 2009) But because many economists say capitalism is the best economic system at the moment, I am surprised to see that China does not apply this system. The reason the subject of the aging of Chinas population is important to the economy, is that will one of the greatest pitfalls in Chinas economic and societies future. A disproportionate ration of the population will retire in the future, therefore a much smaller group of working people will have to keep the society up and running. Is this possible, or are there many problems which China will have to face in the future? And if there will be problems, is China able to prevent or solve them? This is interesting because of the large number of citizens of China. This cannot be compared with any other country in the world, because it will happen on a much larger scale as for instance in the Netherlands. Methodology: First I will try to adumbrate an image of how the situation has developed to the state in which it is at this moment. With this image, certain problems will arise from this. I will try to give a broader view on these problems. These problems, when not solved, will have an impact on the economic environment of China. This I would like to formulate in the third chapter. Finally I am going to investigate whether these, in the future, elder people still have the means to survive on their own, or how the Chinese government is going to assist them with this. This with some kind of pension fund or will the Chinese government terugvallen on the social responsibility of family. With these sub-answers I would like to give an answer to the main question. How China is going to handle the problem of the aging of the population. The data which I need I will get from articles from the Chinese Economic Review, data from the Chinese Bureau of Statistics, Chinese Data Centre and the Chinese Statistical Yearbook. Furthermore I will search for books on the Chinese economy and the history of the Chinese economy and society. Structure The first chapter is about the introduction of the problem and each factor contributing will be explained. In chapter two I am going to give a literature review on five of the interesting papers I have found. Then I will try to find answers to the sub question of my problem statement. These will each cover a chapter. Chapter three: How has this aging problem risen? Chapter four: What are the difficulties which china is facing because of this problem? Chapter five: How do the Chinese old people deal with their longevity financially? After this I will draw a conclusion based on the previous chapters. With this I will try to give an answer to the main question. Chapter 2 Literature Review Population and economic development Gale Johnson tries to answer the question, what would happen to fertility and population growth if the present population policy were changed to one that emphasized family planning and permitted families to have the number of children that they wished? It seems reasonable to project that there would be an increase in fertility. This would be very small in urban areas and relatively small in higher income rural areas. There would be increased fertility in the lower income rural areas, but it seems unlikely that after two decades or so it could be more than ten percent. There is evidence to support the following changes in social and economic policies: Significantly improve the quality of rural secondary schools and increase the percentage of girls attending. Create an attractive pension program for rural areas. Give farm people the ownership or permanent rights to the use of the land they farm or, failing that, enforce the policy of no reallocation of farm land on the basis of demographic changes. Change policies and institutions so that families could migrate from rural to urban areas. Which would lead to adaption of the fertility patterns of urban areas, leading to decline in fertility. I believe the largest impact on the fertility rate, when present policy towards this is changed, will be in the poorer regions of the rural areas. But I do not think all changes give will work. The improvement of educational quality and increasing the percentage of girls will be the one of the most important measures to be taken. This will give an re-allocation of human capital. With this re-allocation, people will get other jobs and therefore a need for many children to work on the farms will decrease. Pension funds are in my opinion essential in order for elderly citizens of China to get by financially. This because the life expectancy rate is increasing. The right of ownership is a viewpoint which will be very sensitive. This because China still has a communistic government. But when pension funds are not one of the future measures which will be taken, this is one of the other options for Chinese citizens to make enough money in order to cope with their longevity financially. Sources of Chinas economic growth 1952-1999: incorporating human capital accumulation Wang and Yao, find that first, the accumulation of human capital in China, as measured by the average years of schooling in population aged 15-64 years, was quite rapid and it contributed significantly to growth and welfare. However, the rate of growth of human capital declined in the reform period in 1978-1999 and its contribution to GDP growth was smaller compared to the pre-reform period. In the industrial countries, the contributions to growth by the factor input have declined and the growth of TFP has become the driving force. In China, the potential to further increase factor inputs is limited especially after one considers the rapidly aging population, a decling labor force in the future, and the constraints in natural resources. China has to rely more on productivity growth. Futher productivity growth would depend very much on two factors: First whether or not China can improve allocative efficiency by continuing reforms in the state and financial sectors and by increasing regional integration, allowing freer factor mobility across sectoral devides, such as rural-urban and state- nonstate, and second whether or not China is able to transform itself from an imitation based economy to an innovation based knowledge economy and continue its progress in industrial upgrading. I agree with Wang and Yao on the fact that productivity has to grow in China. But in order to do this China has to open up more to other countries. Otherwise this would take too long. China is in need for knowledge, this can be seen in the imitation based economy. When China would have the knowledge, they would invent these products themselves. Chinas economic environment has its limitations to grow, this because of their ownership laws. China does not have to change into a Capitalistic society, but I think it does have to loosen up in order to cope with the problems it faces. Pension reform in China: preparing for the future According to Loraine West, a combination of pension plans, including defined benefit and defined contribution, are replacing the former single defined benefit plan. The specifics of each plan, including indexation for inflation, and the combination of plans available to workers vary across regions. By focusing only on the urban labor force, which presently comprises just 27 percent of Chinas total labor force, the reformed old age security system is unlikely to address the issue of growing rural-urban inequality. The proliferation of regional and industry-based pools diminishes the potential benefits of pooling, such as risk sharing, lower administrative costs, and enhanced labor mobility, and also makes it more difficult to achieve the goal of a national level pool. The key objectives of the new pension system is to move away from a pay-as-you-go system to partial funding in preparation of the aging of the population. However, to have a successful pension system in the future, the financing burden has to be shared by employees, employers and the government rather than being borne exclusively by the individual work unit. In the short run, it is critical that regulations and supervision catch up with the new system. In the long term, expansion of coverage and benefit adjustments need to be considered. I agree it will be hard to implement a new old age security system in China. However, I believe it will be key to implement a system which is the same in every part of China. Otherwise the differences between rural and urban areas will only expand, and thus create an even higher burden on the economy than it is at this moment. This will be difficult to fulfill because which groups have to contribute the most. This might even call for a similar system as in the Netherlands, where the government guarantees a minimal pension wage and where the rest is contributed by the companies and working force. How can China solve its old age security problem? The interaction between pension, soe and financial market reform. According to Estelle James, she suggests a plan which sets up individual accounts for each worker, with funds that are productively invested. This is similar to reforms that have been sweeping Latin America, Eastern Europe and are now being considered in the United States. Besides making the system more fiscally sustainable and avoiding peak contribution rates, prefunding can be used to increase saving that is committed for long term investments and pension funds can be used as engines to financial market development and corporate governance. This can be done with two mandatory pillars; one publically managed and tax or pay-as-you-go financed, the other privately managed, with the object of building and managing retirement savings. This to avoid high payroll taxes as the populations age, thereby making the system more sustainable, and to increase national savings that are committed to the long term. However, the part of the economy that is growing most rapidly, in part because it faces low taxes, liabilities and regulations, would suddenly be hit with a heavy legacy of the past. The challenge for China is to find a way to implement a more funded system, that includes decentralized competitive management of the funds, quickly, before coverage increases become a social necessity and makes the transition more difficult. Here I have the same critique as on the previous literature, namely about the rural and urban separation. When the pension system first only reforms the urban part and later expands its coverage towards the rural area, the cost will only increase more and more. But it will be complicated to implement a new system immediately for the entire country, this because it will give a huge burden on the current working class. Chapter 3: The history of China. The year 1949 can be viewed as the First major divide in Chinese history. Before this year, no rapid growth ever occurred in Chinese economy. This was completely different after 1949, when rapid growth was considerably normal. The government is also drastically different after 1949. In 1950 a new law was introduced which stated that: Parents have the duty to raise their children well and the children in their turn have the duty to support their parents. This was a good way for the Chinese government at that time, to not be directly responsible for the attendance of the elder citizens. This was an indication of the change from a harmonious civilization towards a more individualistic civilization. During the fifties, a five-guarantee program had launched for the rural areas. This program mend support from the government for elder who had no offspring or other people who took care of them in the form of food, clothing, shelter, medical care and a funeral. (Naughton, 2007) in 1951, the Chinese government came up with the act Labour Insurance Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China. These first pension regulations where only for citizens working at state enterprises. This mend that all employees of such enterprise have to give three percent of their salary to a mutual fund within this company, and when they reached the age of sixty and they had worked for more than twenty years they would receive a pension. (Frazier, 2004) This reality, this resulted in a relatively low percentage of people who received a pension, because until 1971 nobody could reach this twenty years of work experience. At the end of the seventies, two major new regulations were introduced. First in 1978 where China opened their borders a tiny bit for foreign companies to do business with Chinese companies, but still under heavy oversight by the Chinese government. This also led towards a higher independency of the state enterprises. These where allowed to keep their profit. But also the responsibility of pensions was now entirely for these companies. It was now also allowed for Chinese citizens to start up their own company. (KNAG, 2007) However, these new private owned companies were not able to give the same pension security as these former state enterprises. Therefore the Chinese government came up with a new experiment of pension funding in 1982. They tried to create pension funds not just per company, but pension funds for an entire city to create a higher safety net. These funds were filled by employees working in this city on a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) basis. This means the pensions which are cu rrently paid, are funded by the taxes and contributions from the working people at the same moment. That means there are no assets being set aside. The rural area did not benefit from all these regulations. Because of this new kind of economy, the rural areas decentralized. This took a lot of security away for the elder in these areas, because they were still dependant on the help of family. The second regulation introduced in the late seventies was the One-Child Policy. This because the government of China began to see the great threat of the exponentially growing population. This phenomena I will explain in the next chapter. In the years 1991 and 1995 the government tried to reform the current PAYG system by creating a multi pillar system. (Vandendriessche, 2008) This system contained three pillars which all contributed to one overall pension fund. The first pillar was the basic pension for every employee of a company funded by the state. The second pillar was a individual fund which was filled during the years of work of each person. Frazier calls this Defined Contribution. The third pillar is optional, and is an additional payment made to the pension fund to increase the pension received later in the employees lives. But even with this new reformed pension funding, it is far from ideal. Chapter 4: How has this aging problem risen? Aging of population (also known as demographic aging, and population aging) is a summary term for shifts in the age distribution of a population toward older ages. Which is a direct consequence of the ongoing global fertility transition (decline) and of mortality decline at older ages. (Gavrilov and Heuveline,2003) These two factors can both be seen in the statistical yearbook of China. (Appendix 1) One of the factors, the mortality rate decline at older ages (See Appendix 1F), can be explained mainly by a better health care; more knowledge of the human body and better medicine (especially anti biotic). The New Rural Co-operative Medical Care System (NRCMCS) is an new project set up in the year two-thousand-five to improve the health care sector in China, especially to make it affordable for the rural area. (China daily, 2005) This NRCMCS covers around eighty percent of the total cost of the hospitals. Under the new policy, the central government, local governments, and individual farmers each invest 10 yuan (US$1.23) per year to establish a medical insurance account. The money accumulated is then used to fund hospital treatment. (China daily, 2005) Thought this initiative, many Chinese citizens are now covered for their medical insurance. Around eighty percent of all Chinese citizens living in the rural areas have signed up, which are approximately 685 million people. The second factor, the fertility rate is harder to explain. Deliberately decreasing the fertility rate has been an issue of the Chinese government since 1971. In 1970, the total fertility rate was 5.8. At the time of 1978, the fertility rate has decreased with fifty percent to 2.7. This due to the policy known as wan-xi-shao, meaning later marriages, longer spacing between children, and fewer children in total. Through 1979 the probability of a couple having a second child, given that they had already given birth to a first child, was 95 percent (Feeney and Yu, 1987). Chinas leaders where still worried because chinas baby-boomers where now reaching marriage age. These baby boomers where born in the years before this wan-xi-shao policy because of the Great Leap Forward. Chinas leaders thought these group of people would have to many children and this would outgrow the population carrying capacity. The One-Child policy was established as a law in 1980 by the former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. He implemented this law to limit the birth rate of China. This policy was instantly controversial because of it was strictly enhanced in the first years. There was for example a policy for mandatory insertion of intrauterine devices for women with one child and sterilization for couples with two or more children. At 1984, resistance (both nationally and internationally) has risen to a crucial level. The Chinese government relinquished these strict policies and the overall law loosened up. This mend for example that regional governments, especially in rural areas, a policy which allowed couples to have a second child when their first child was a girl. In more urban areas the One-Child Policy was maintained more strictly. But not only due to the one-child policy fertility rates has gone down. There are significant similarities between China and other surrounding Asian countries in their fertility rates. (See Appendix 1E) However, this has not the same reason is these countries. In some countries, notably Japan and Korea, the low birth rate may be partly attributable to rising job opportunities and earning power for women. But that is not the case in Taiwan, Singapore or Hong Kong, where women have excellent work opportunities and access to low-paid domestic help from Southeast Asia. There is a reluctance to marry, particularly among the better educated women, as well as a preference for few, if any, children. (Bowring, 2007) But because the Great Leap Forward in China, their fertility rate has risen in the years between 1955 and 1970. This in contrast with the other Asian countries shown in this graph (See Appendix 1E). Chapter 5: What are the difficulties which china is facing because of this problem? The most obvious problem China will face is the increasing group of elder people. According to Estelle James, In 1990 only nine percent of Chinas population was over the age of 65, bu by 2030 this proportion will more than double, to twenty-two percent. This means that more than a quarter of the elder people of the entire world will live in China by 2030. As you can see in Appendix the dependency ratio of elderly people in rural areas will be approximately 0.34 in 2030, and 0.18 in urban areas. Zeng et al. (2008) suggest that, if urbanization reaches 75%, the dependency ratio is likely to continue to rise rapidly in rural areas and may exceed 0.6 by 2050, versus just over 0.3 in urban areas. With such a high dependency ratio, a high contribution rate is required from working people to cover the current bill. The second problem is the gender imbalance in China. There is a huge surplus of men. At this moment there is are thirty-two million more Chinese boys than girls under the age of twenty. (NYTimes, 2009) These surplus of boys are known in China as guang guan. Together with the fact that not everyone will marry or have a child when the sex-ratio is normal, there will be a lot of elderly in the future who do not have children to support them and must rely on some sort of pension. Lin Jiang believes there will be almost four million elderly citizens in the rural area by 2030 who do not have a single child. The third problem is that the growth of the working age population will drop off quickly and reach zero growth after 2015. (see appendix) He calculated this because of The persistence of fertility and mortality rates combines with the existing structure of the population to produce predictable patterns of change of the labor force. Also According to Naughton, The labor market is just now absorbing the last huge birth cohort (the baby boom echo born in the late 1980s) The GDP rate per capita (appendix 2) is still increasing. However the rate of increasing is declining in the last two years. This in accordance with the future growth/ decline of the working age population a conclusion can be drawn that the growth of GDP rate per capita will also decline, not taken into account the growth of the economy. Therefore it is important to stimulate this growth of economy. This has to be reacted on in order to stop the rising burden on the currently employed after 2015, because of the change in population structure. Chapter 6: How do the Chinese old people deal with their longevity financially? It is difficult to ascertain exactly how other countries have financed the transition because of the fungibility of money and the ambiguity of the counterfactual. Most reforming countries in Latin America and Eastern Europe have utilized parametric changes that downsized bloated benefit obligations, to reduce the IPD and the financing gap. Beyond that, the following revenue sources appear to be common: Keeping part of the system PAYG, so contributions continue flowing into the PAYG pillaras in Poland, Hungary, Uruguay and Sweden; Raising revenues from contributions by increasing the payroll tax or the compliance rate-an add-on was used in OECD countries and most other countries are trying to decrease evasion; Using other special revenue sources such as a lottery or a value added tax (Argentina); Using general revenues or social security surpluses that are available at the municipal, provincial or state level (Chile); Applying proceeds from the sale of SOE assets to cover pension liabilities (assetdebt swaps)-SOE and pension reform were linked in Peru, Bolivia and Poland; Borrowing in the short run and repaying with the surplus that the system would run in the longer run, as the individual accounts take on a greater portion of the total pension responsibility (most countries have used this method to smooth the burden of transition costs over many cohorts). Most of these methods would be appropriate for China. China is now using proceeds from a national lottery, a tax on interest income and, as already discussed, direct allocations from the MOF. We concentrate here on a source that has just been tapped proceeds from the sale of state assets-and another source that is essential but has yet to be seriously addressedbenefit reduction. These two sources, between them, could cover much of the transition costs. References: Homan, T. R. (2009, June 18). World Bank Raises China 2009 Growth Forecast to 7.2%. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087sid=aoNG311GdSSk Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and growth. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England Vandendriessche, A. (2008) Hoe worden ouderen verzorgd in China? The Netherlands Frazier, M.W., After Pension Reform: Navigating the Third Rail in China, Studies in Comparative International Development 39:2 (2004), p. 48. Feeney, G., and Jingyuan Yu (1987) Period Parity Progression Measures of Fertility in China. Population Studies, 41(1): 77-102 Statistical yearbook of china Bureau of statistics Zeng, Y., Z. Wang, J. Leiwen and D. Gu (2008), Projection of Family Households and Elderly Living Arrangement in the Context of Rapid Population Aging in China, GENUS. Wang Feng (2005). Can China Afford to Continue Its One-Child Policy? AsiaPacific Issues, No. 77, March. Honolulu: East-West Center. Bowring, P. (2007) How Asians can have more babies. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/opinion/18iht-edbowring.1.5768104.html?_r=1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/02/content_489869.htm Knag, 2007 : http://www.geografie.nl/index.php?id=640tx_ttnews[swords]=giscHash=2f4cd4ee67tx_ttnews[tt_news]=611tx_ttnews[backPid]=502 King, Frank H. (1911). Farmers of Forty Centuries. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. Maddison, Angus (1998). Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Perkins, Dwight (1967). Government as an Obstacle to Industrialization: The Case of Nineteenth-Century China. Journal of Economic History, 27(4):478-92. Riskin, Carl (1975). Surplus and Stagnation in Modern China. In Dwight Perkins, ed., Chinas Modern Economy in Historical Perspective, 49-84. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Wang, Gabe T. (1999). Chinas Population: Problems, Thoughts and Policies, 6, 28-29, 38-39. Aldershot: Ashgate. http://www.chinability.com/GDP.htm ONeill, B. and S. Scherbov (2006), Interpreting UN Urbanization Projections Using a Multi-state Model, Interim Report IR-06-012. (NYTIMES, 2009) http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/11/world/asia/11china.html

French and Italian Films Essay

The EU Directive has â€Å"put forth the greatest effort to fend off what it has termed â€Å"American cultural imperialism.. † 14 France is the strongest implementor of this directive that it currently requires utmost 40% of films shown in in the country are of non-European origin. The country is also lobbying for other fellow member states to enact the same quota rules. Even the ex-president Chirac had made his opinion regarding this quota system stating that â€Å"he does not want to see European culture obliterized by American Culture† 15 and it is believed that the entertainment media are not very advantageous in terms of integration but an instrument threatening both national and cultural sovereignty. To prove the French strong views on proper film/cinea values, it has banned Paths of Glory in 1957 claiming that this film was â€Å"a slanderous attack to French Honor. † 16 For Italian films, even during the fascist regime, the film was not utilized as a propaganda device. This is according to Ricci stating that the regime even unified Italy through the elimination of markers of class and regional difference happening in the country during that time through the circulation â€Å"of terms for an imaginary national identity†. 17 Italian film is viewed as an â€Å"integral part†18 of the country’s politics. Actually, the censorship board was established, more to regulate films civic and politically related contents than that of sexually or morally intruging contents. The Tangentopoli scandal in 1992 had delegitimised Italian politicians in the eyes of the public but even prior this scandal, government corruption were already depicted in films such as the 1989 Il Portaborse (The Footman) of Luchetti. Moreover, this was also the period when the trend in production have focused on â€Å"historical fictions† 19 with emphasis on Italy’s history and even depicting the own history of cinema implying that television does not have good impact on the film industry such as the Cinema Paradiso. Currently, Italian government provide fundings for films they promote including various assistance from the Direzione Generale per il Cinema (Directorate General Cinema) giving out funds to deserving producers of films promoting the Italian/European culture outside of Italy (promozione all’estero) and for film d’essai (independent/art films) 20 Aside from these fundings, there is also the European Ivestment Bank (EIB) funding film productions in order to compete with the penetrating Hollywood films, not only in Italy but all over the region 21 It is obvious what the European countries want when it comes to film release and promotion: not so much of Hollywood films, protection of cultural values, protection of viewers, promotion of culture and competing with the American in film production and obviously in the market and in profits. IV. Conclusion Films are important weapons for those who may have control as to its regulation and release to public. Films may be used to promote a certain cause or to discourage certain acts. Moreover, when producing a film, various factors must be put into consideration. Among these factors are the current trend and interest or demand of the viewing public (especially for commercial films) and more importantly, the rules that govern over these films. These rules are, more often than not, imposed by regulatory bodies, either private or by the government to assess and classify, as well as control the release and approval of the films shown in an area or market. In European nations, various strategies are employed to promote the film industry. These involve funding of deserving film production and promotion on European values. One strong factor that makes Europe unite when film issues are being talked about is the influence and the challenge that Hollywood films cause to the European nations and European market. American films are viewed as mostly culturally damaging for Europeans as well as penetrating the industry’s market leaving losses to European film producers. In this regard, European nations have looked for some measures in protecting their culture as well as securing its market through the EU Directive, as well as through national regulations, limiting Hollywood and other foreign films shown in European nations. End Notes 1Ricci, S. Cinema and fascism, Italian Film and Society, 1922-1943, UC Regents,UC Press,2008 retrieved 31 May 2008,< http://www. ucpress. edu/books/pages/10916/10916. ch01. pdf >. 2 Rinaman, K, French Film Quotas and Cultural Protectionism, Case Number 332, 1996, American Education, retrieved 31 May 2008, .

Why I Choose a Career of Medical Transcripionist

There is a wide range of job opportunities available to practically anyone in the US. One particular occupation is a Medical Transcriptionist, a career I have been inspired to strive for. There are a number of reasons why I desire to become a Medical Transcriptionist. One reason is that I spend a large amount of time in front of the computer. I continue to maintain a 70-80 WPM typing, and I would honestly love to gain money from typing. I also would like to contribute to making sure medical processes go smoothly by creating concise, clear documents. My friend recommended medical transcription to me, and I began to research it. I wanted to pursue a Medical Transcription certificate or degree to increase my chances to get some sort of transcriptionist or clerical job. The most beneficial advantage for working as a MT is the flexible hours and availability to work anywhere, like at home. Although that may be the largest advantage to most, there is a reason for me to be able to work at home. As my spouse in IT job, most of the time we are travelling from one city to another. Due to this frequent travels and switching of places I am not able to concentrate on my job. Also I have my children to look after and concentrate and also I want to be a support for my husband so that we can take acre of the loans and other needs of the family in a more efficient way. Also we are living here in another country far away from ours and we are not able to frequently visit our family back there due to financial constraints. With this flexibility, I will be able to afford money and time to visit them. Penn Foster is a great MT course choice for many different reasons. I have searched long and wide for medical transcription schools and found many, including US Career Institute, Allied Medical School, and Career Step, all of which ranges from $1200-$1800! The cheap pricing (and high quality) of Penn Foster is a great motivation to consider this class over others. In addition, the courses will give me a great overview to how each medical practice works, allowing documents to be written smoothly. In addition, Penn Foster allows me to take the course at my own pace and also in the comfort of my home. This educational program also offers services to student. I feel like I have confidence that I can do my best with Penn Foster by my side. In the future, I hope to achieve the MT education needed to be granted a job as a transcriptionist. I believe taking this class will give me a much better understanding with medical disciplines and the works. Penn Foster really seems like the best opportunity I can pursue to achieve that job placement!

Employment Is the Key to Reducing Recidivism Essay

Employment is the key to reducing recidivism Derrick G. Patrick COM/150 November 09, 2012 Dr. David Willis Employment is the Key to reducing recidivism Individuals returning from incarceration each year live in virtually every zip code in the country. Most ex-offenders have every intention of becoming productive, tax paying citizens, and no intention of returning to the penal system. However ex-offenders are largely on their own when returning to our communities. They are often estranged from families and friends, and are increasingly faced with tremendous challenges upon their release. Most are simply unprepared for the challenges they will encounter in the attempt to restore normalcy to their lives – finding a†¦show more content†¦To do so, ex-offenders need coaching on job search techniques specific to their needs and circumstances.† (Anderson, D. 2008) One could argue that those with a criminal history aren’t that big a deal, that they don’t make up enough of the population to matter, however, â€Å"sixty-five million Americans—or one in four adults—have a criminal record. But employers—including major companies like Bank of America, Omni Hotel, and Dominos Pizza—routinely post job ads on Craigslist that explicitly exclude such applicants, according to a new report conducted by the National Employment Law Center (NELP), a labor-affiliated advocacy group.† (Roth, 2011) So to have the opinion that these people don’t matter, is equivalent to dismissing one quarter of the population. The only alternative for them is public assistance or returning to crime, either way it puts an extra burden and added strain to everyone else. The practice of not hiring those with criminal records has become widespread and almost the norm in today’s economic times. â€Å"Many employers use outside companies that specialize in background checks—a fast-growing industry—to help screen out applicants with criminal records. A 2009 investigation by the state of New York found that RadioShack, working with the background check firm ChoicePoint, created a system that asked applicants Have you been convicted of a felony in the past 7 years? andShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Rehabilitation and the Rate of Recidivism1727 Words   |  7 Pagesreleased prisoners are re-arrested and one-half are re-incarcerated within three years of release from prison. Rates of recidivism rise to approximately 75%-85% of released prisoners are likely to be re-arrested within a decade of release. Successful rehabilitation is vital when releasing an inmate into the community as it produces a significant reduction in criminal recidiv ism. The purpose of incarceration is to protect the public and punish as well as rehabilitate the criminal. It is designed toRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Reentry Programs On Reducing Juvenile Recidivism Essay943 Words   |  4 Pages Long-term Effects of Reentry Programs On   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reducing Juvenile Recidivism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By: Tiffany Gilliam La Salle University PHLT 752: Capstone I Introduction Nearly, 5% of the world s population is represented by the United who possesses 25% of the world s prisoners (Liptak, 2008). 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Recidivism refers to a person s relapse into criminal behavior resulting in rearrests, reconviction or return to prison with or without a new sentence during a three-year period following the prisoner s release (National Institute of Justice.) Many programs have been implemented in our prison system to help reduce the recidivism rates. ProgramsRead MoreLength Of Treatment Analysis875 Words   |  4 Pages(high-risk offenders low-risk offenders) who were followed-up on at the 12 and 30 month mark after they were assessed for treatment. The length of treatment, not the classification risk of the offender, was found to be a significant variable of recidivism as those who received a longer length of treatment we re less likely to be re-arrested Evans et al. (2011). Because not all offenders are guaranteed treatment, in some circumstances there is no length of prison-based treatment. In order to continueRead MoreIndividual And Family Structured Therapy Models Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual therapy, the client has the counselors undivided attention. This in return allows the counselor to focus specifically on the clients concerns. As we’ve explored already, individual therapy has proven to be an effective technique in reducing recidivism. One form of psychotherapy used by the criminal justice system is cognitive behavioral therapy. As mentioned previously, cognitive behavioral therapy assumes that most people can become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors and thereforeRead MoreLaw And Order Of The Justice System1253 Words   |  6 Pagesfor mandatory minimums and superfluously guarantee punishment can be eliminated. Moving beyond the justice system to a more re habilitative approach that can provide offenders with tools and resources need for reentry; hence, that will lower the recidivism rate in the United States. What is rehabilitation? â€Å"Rehabilitation is a planned intervention that is intended to change offenders for the better (Worrall, 2015). The goal of rehabilitation rest on the perception that individuals can be treatedRead MoreComparing Civilizations And Societies Function On Numerous Principles1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmember of society. The greatest chance as society has at reducing recidivism is to educate offenders and provide them skill sets that will assist them in reintegration, thus reducing the likelihood of recidivism and reducing the crime rate over time. State prison and county jail inmates who receive general education and vocational training are significantly less likely to return to prison after release and are more likely to find employment than peers who do not receive such opportunities. ResearchersRead MoreShould Prison Offenders Be Offenders?1980 Words   |  8 Pagesto the employment process and have trouble obtaining jobs; however employing them could greatly reduce the recidivism rate. A common misconception about ex-offenders is that releasing them from incarceration allows them to partake in criminal activities again and become recidivists, however, they are much more likely to do this if they cannot find sufficient employment; a key way to reduce this rate of recidivism is by employing them. According to a newspaper article about reducing recidivism, a keyRead MoreRehabilitation Will Reduce Crime1246 Words   |  5 Pagesrenter society. The U.S correctional system is a quite controversial subject that leads to questio ns such as how does our correctional system punish offenders? How does our correctional system rehabilitate offenders? Which method is more effective in reducing crime punishment or rehabilitation? Our correctional system has several ways to punish and rehabilitate offenders. The correctional system punishes offenders by sentencing them to serve time in jail or prison. Others forms of punishment include

Growing Up With An Older Brother Was Inevitable To Be...

Growing up with an older brother was inevitable to be following his footsteps. When he grew up amongst his friends to find women and cars endearing, I too became one similar to him and lost my innocence. As the moral of Araby concludes that somethings are not always what they hoped to be, the same moral applies for the introduction of a lost innocence. A lost innocence, in my perspective, is the awakening of reality. That being said, in the story Araby, the narrator develops an affection for a religious girl that becomes an obsession. The religious girl discusses with the narrator that she cannot attend an event due to religious reasons. The narrator then grows an idea that he must obtain a valuable object at the event for the girl, hoping†¦show more content†¦The loss of the narrator’s innocence is resulted here because of the seller’s attitude towards him, which portrays she thinks less of him, resulting in him visualizing the reality of his expectations. Ano ther form of situational irony found in the story is the interaction with the uncle of the narrator. The narrator quotes, â€Å"At nine o’clock I heard my uncle’s latchkey in the halldoor . . . My uncle said he was very sorry he had forgotten.† (Joyce 245). From the quote, the narrator’s uncle has forgotten about the money needed to purchase an object at the bazaar. The following scene is a form of situational irony because the narrator and the reader predicted the actions of the uncle and the effect it had on the narrator. The outcome of the uncle’s actions portrays the beginning of the narrator’s loss of innocence because he starts to examine that some events will not always meet expectations. Moreover, the author induces imagery of different types to project his argument of lost innocence. The narrator expresses â€Å"I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make interest in her wares seem the more real.† (Joyce 246). Kinesthetic imagery portrayed in the quote allows the reader to recognize the loss of innocence of the narrator due to the choices the narrator makes. The narrator decides to linger around because he understands the reality of the bazaar, which interposes his lost innocence.Show MoreRelated Albert The Absurd Camus Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Camus was born on November 7, 1913 to his parents Lucien Auguste Camus and Catherine Sintà ¨s Camus. Albert was born in Mondovi, Algeria, a French colony until receiving independence in 1962. His father grew up an orphan due to being the youngest of five children. His mother sent him to an orphanage to lighten her load; Lucien never forgave his mother and family for this treatment (â€Å"Albert Camus† 113). Lucien served in World War I and was killed during fighting when Albert was still an infantRead MoreThe Reforms Of Gaius Marius And The Aftereffects Of The Late Republic Period And Beyond Essay1682 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesleadership of the army was put into the hands of a select few, as it always had been, and these men would use the army as a means to further their personal ambitions. The largest of these changes to the Roman army were arguably the changes Gaius Marius made in the conscription of soldiers. Conscription pre-Marius took the form of the state issuing a property requirement for soldiers who wished to join the army. These men were to supply their own arms and their role in the army was thus based on suchRead MoreHow We Will Live During The World Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesHow We Will Live in the World â€Å"I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become.†Ã‚   ―  C.G. 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Although the story is supposedly writtenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Sonny s Blues 2718 Words   |  11 Pagesinfluence amongst the readers. With a rising and roaring apex, the story was an unfolding of human emotions and realities filled with pain, sorrows, happiness, realizations, and life lessons. Although the story was written in 1957, even until the present, people can still observe its lingering powerful message and vital influence about social and personal life cycles (Duncan 1). The story was about two African American brothers who were trying to survive the harsh reality of the world. Aside from theirRead MoreReligion : Hindu Death And Geographical Mobility1750 Words   |  7 Pagesoften in large numbers, and have built up temples or have adapted churches and other buildings for religious and community use . 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The Representation Of The Media - 1624 Words

The Mass media is the communication of spoken, written, or broadcast information or idea to a large audience. This could be through various medium such as newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, radio, movies, video games and others. This essay will analyse the representation of crime in newspapers and television. Newspapers are a very important type of media that keep the public informed about happening in the society and around the world. The newspapers tend to give a negative or an exaggerated or an inappropriate account of events especially when the report is related to a criminal activity. This representation of events may be hugely misleading and give the wrong ideas to the audience which may lead to an inappropriate response by society. Stanley Cohen a South African research sociologist studied the clash between the mods and rockers subcultures in 1964. Cohen states that the pictures painted by the newspapers portraying violent behaviour of these youths were a distorted representation of the event since he was there at the time and saw little evidence of the violence they reported. The representation of the event by the newspapers led to public fear and a negative societal response from the people, government, and the police towards the youths of these subcultures. The newspapers made these subcultures more popular leading to the involvement of more young people in these subcultures, as they felt they had to identify with oneShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of Media Representation2107 Words   |  9 Pagesvast globalized world, representation is present and has left its impact everywhere, from politics to media to parts of our everyday life. Representation is defined as the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way (Oxford University Press, 2016). This has shaped the way people think, talk and view the things around them. Thus, media representation is the portrayal of a group, community, person, event, idea, experience or perspective by the media, regardless of whether itRead MoreMedia Representation Of The Media1149 Words   |  5 PagesAlmost every person in the world has some access to media. Whether it is through electronics like social media or the internet, or through printed media, it shapes a personâ€℠¢s view on many aspects of society. Media represents a vast array of societal issues. â€Å"Media representation is a way in which the media portrays groups, communities, experiences, ideas or topics from a particular ideological or vale perspective† (Beach). One of the bigger issues media portrays is gender. In today’s culture the issueRead MoreThe Representation Of The Media2051 Words   |  9 PagesThe media is one of the most powerful, if not the most powerful, ways though which social issues are influenced. The influence exerted on the issue can either help resolve it, or make it worse. As such, the information a presented in the media is very specific so as to control the direction of certain issues. Such issues may include war, immigration, or gay rights. As far as gays rights are concerned, the progression of this issue has been very slow due to the portrayal of gays in the media. FirstRead MoreRepresentation of Women in the Media618 Words   |  3 PagesRepr esentations of women in the media Miley Cyrus made media headline around the world, during and after her performance on one of America’s biggest award shows, MTV video music awards (VMAs). Miley Cyrus was accompanied by Robin Thicke a popular Rb musician, who also performed a song, however it seemed Miley Cyrus received the most backlash for her behavior and performance at the awards. Instantaneously a still shot from the performance went viral and immediately created a bad representationRead MoreGender Representation Of The Media1147 Words   |  5 PagesGender representation in the media has sparked a lot of arguments amongst many scholars regarding the way females are depicted (Broude Garrard, 1995: Thornham, 2007). Over the last few years many female emancipation campaigns targeted at correcting the current representation of females in the media have emerged (Carson, Dittmar Welsch, 1994: Miller, 2003). But is the media really representing women as sexual objects? This is a question that lingers in the minds of many people whenever this argumentRead MoreGender Representation Of The Media1549 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Benchmark- How is gender represented in the media? Women A representation is when a media text such as a newspaper, magazine or film represent ideas or events to us in a distorted view. 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There are many advertisementsRead MoreRepresentation Of Male And Media1870 Words   |  8 PagesREPRESENTATION OF MALES IN MEDIA WHAT IS REPRESENTATION IN MEDIA? I would like to start by defining representation in the media as the courses in which the media depicts specific gatherings, groups, encounters, thoughts, or subjects from a specific ideological or quality point of view. Instead of analysing media representations as essentially reflecting reality. For example, alcohol advertisements depict drinking as an essential segment for hosting a gathering. SUV advertisements make the feelingRead MoreMedia Representation in Lgbt1343 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and its representation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual (LGBT) themes has been prevalent throughout time. According to the collections of studies and stories by Meem, Mitchell and Jonathan (2010) concerning LGBT individuals, it is important to represent such themes because it is able to enlighten people on how our society as a whole, has become dynamic. The Media can be seen as a â€Å"central source† where negative perceptions can be created. As a result, stereotypes can be either createdRead MoreRepresentations Of A Social Media877 Words   |  4 PagesRepresentations of advertising in famous social media, for example, film and TV assume a critical part in molding open thoughts regarding publicizing. On the wide or small screen, these insider perspectives of promot ing are about as close as many people get to what really happens on a normal premise in the work and lives of the individuals, who develop the pictures of yearning and utilization that populate contemporary society. This unit looks at what is all in all the most conspicuous presentation

Polymer Blend During Solid-State Rheological Property Measurement

Question: Explain and discuss about the case study of Determination of structural changes of dispersed clay platelets in a polymer blend during solid-state rheological property measurement by small-angle X-ray scattering.Polymer? Answer: Introduction Rheology is an important section in physics that deals with several types of deformation properties of a material to understand material properties. In physics Rheology is a crucial segment to control the deformation of different types of materials under stress. The term Rheology refers to the ability to control the properties of materials composition within its limited stress (Hamad, Kaseem and Deri, 2010). It will determine the actual behaviour of the particular material during a mechanical force applied on it. Generally it will deal with materials mechanical properties to make the material appropriate. Different types of polymer belts and blends are based on this segment to process a multi phase polymer process. In fluid dynamics different types of Rheological process are involved to make the material perfect. Generally it has the ability to make a comparison between fluid dynamics and Liquid gasses. Rheology can be used an organic reactor that concern with different types of mat erials along with its properties to make an accurate chemical reaction. On the other hand Polymers are the major effects to develop a materials structure as well as its condition. Different types of nanoparticle are used in a material to make a solid polymer matrix. Generally Nano scale filters and polymer matrix will address the main portion of a material through which it will measure its operational process. Polymer Clay interaction is an important segment in Physics that contains different solution based on molecular fundamental as well as its technological experiments. Generally these types of mixtures are used in Rheological modification to make the process perfect. Different types of molecular activities are involved in polymer matrix to make a proper interaction between Polymer and Clay mixtures. Rheological modification is based on several types of clay coatings as well as different types of colloidal dispersions to make the mixture appropriate. The mixture made between these substances should maintain fluid proportion at a certain limit of concentrations from reversible network. In this chapter the researcher is focusing to evaluate different types of rheological properties with a proper mixture of clay materials. This experiment will measure different types of Laponite. Some materials are used in this experiment to make the mixture perfect. Several types of mixtures are used in this types rheological segment among them Laponite JS, Laponite RDS, Laponite S-482, SL-25 and Laponite EP are perfect to make the mixture appropriate as per its requirements. All the materials are used in this particular experiment are measured in grams. The Rheology measurement can able to perform on several grades with a valid concentration limitation. The limitation range lies between 1-10 % (w/v). The Rheology experiment will perform by two proper combinations. The combination is made by 1 ml of prepared solution and lower geometry of transferring property of the Rheometer. In the output the experimental result can be shared from 0.1-100 S-1 portion using 3 mm geometry at 25 degree (Hadi et,al; 2015) Polymer Matrix along with its composition Different types of Nano Clays are used in polymer matrix to make a proper structural characteristic. Nano Clays involves different types of platelets along with its octahedral layer to make a proper sandwich form between silicate tetrahedral layers. The above figure describes about a proper structure of phyllosilicates in 2: 1 Structure format. The Nano Clay belongs to a polymer matrix based solution that should be made 1: 1 format. But Nano Clays and its layer are depending upon different types of structural format to measure the structural data. It can be observed that three main properties are made in Nano clay they are discussed below: Fundamental repeat unit along with its proper height to measure the thickness of layer Gross composition with proper dioctahedrons or trioctahedrons layer Degree of ordering stacking with a proper sequence of layers Phyllosilicates are also called as lamellar silicates that are totally based on different types of bidimensional layers along with its octahedrons property. This property of bidimensional make an interlocked between tetrahedrons by 2: 1 or 1: 1 segment (Hadi et,al; 2015) The main aim of this Nano filler is to invest the improvement of mechanical properties of all solid and liquid particles to make a special effect, referred as Nano Effect. Polymeric is the main form to make a matrix form to improve the mechanical properties of a Nano Particle. The Nano Affect also deeply the influences the polymer metrics as a transition temperature. These properties are controlled by the particular particles along with its nanocomposite format. It is important to make a Nano Effect during a mixing period of Nano Clays polymer. Different types of sol formatting are involving with these types of formatting to make a proper Rheological segment. Laponite is an effective format of clay material that includes Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Several types of blends and polymerises are used to make a proper polymer format. The aims are listed below: It is important to highlight the main important of a polymer melts as well as its blends To highlight the main rheological property with a help of polymeric material to manage a gain fundamental of the entire materials. To manage the importance of whole materials with proper understanding format by suing these types of materials. During rheological investigation it is important to maintain the polymeric effect. It is also important to manage those research formats by accessing the rheological experiments including their challenges and opportunities. Structure based and layered silicate nanoparticle Polymer based nanoparticle are totally based on polymer properties in where the Nano filters are acting as a clay. Those clays are directly affected to the polymer structure that also transferred into three main categories depending upon their nanoclay properties within the polymeric matrix. These clay segments are also depending upon two major components to make a proper structure of Nano cycle. The polymer matrix is totally depending upon the interactions between these two components as well as its layer. The phases of a nanoparticle can be obtained with the help of a polymer matrix to make a proper interaction between the layers of the monocycles that expand mixing qualities. The structure of a polymeric particle is based on different types of nanocomposite that can be obtained by making a proper transaction between the particle layers to increase proportion gap in such a way that there will no more interaction forces applied between the layers. The structure of a nanoparticle has been suited by the mixing properties during a Rheology period. The above pictures describes about the influence property of the modification of a Nano clay segment that is making an interface of the structure of different types of nanocomposite with their mechanical properties. It is easy to determine the graphical format of polymeric based chain on the surface of different types of nanoparticle. The nanocomposites are based on these particles to show the ability of a Rheology process to enhance the mechanical properties. In this report different types of Laponite are used to make a proper production facility (Hadi et,al; 2015). Laponite and its properties Laponite is colloidal segment to expand the performance of a silicate based polymer. Generally Laponite has two main formats one is gel forming grades and another is sol forming grades. There are several types of Laponite are applied in this particular report to make the process effective as per its requirements (Hadi et,al; 2015). The gel forming grades are rapidly changed in water with a proper agitation to make a clear impact of colourless dispersions. To make a proper viscosity the solids are making an interconnection with the electrolyte content of water based segment. at the same concentration Gel forming grades provides 2 % highly thixotropic gel along with its highly concentrated deionised water. On the other hand Sol forming water appears in rapidly water under agitation but these types of grades contain different types of dispersing agents that contain the delay formation of a thixotropic property. A temporary sol grade has ability to build a proper viscosity function during the Rheological function. These types of sol grades are involved with higher grading segments of fluid property that contain shorter ability times. On the other hand Permanent Sols Grades are fully stabilised by the modification process with proper patented agents. This segment is used to make the sols through stable solids up to 30 %. Laponite SL 25 is a proper liquid dispersion that is commercially builds on different types of sol grades about 25 % solids. These materials are generally referred as liquid leporine to make an open sol grades (Hamad, Kaseem and Deri, 2010). Property Benefits Silicate based layer to make synthetic format o High purity solution o Colourless disappearance o Free side abrasives o Expand the quality of mixing Colloidal size and crystal segment o Produce a proper gas format in water to give ultra clear productivity o Rapidly disappear in water without any high shear Inorganic material o Will not able to support microbiological growth o Anti toxic o Non combustible o Free from crystalline silica segment o High temperature It is important to make all the Laponite products accurate as per Rheological process by introducing their structural formation. This process will ensure the optimize formula with its consistency performance as well as developed function. The Laponite grades are totally made by gel format to make the liquid function proper to describe clearly about the gel formatting grades. Structure Rheology relationships for polymer based nanoparticle It is a great combination to make a proper attention towards the polymeric structure with proper understanding that will make an accurate polymer nanocomposite as well as demonstrate their effects. These effects are measured by polymer based structure as well as rheological properties. Different types of Nanoparticle are mixed up with Nano clays to make a proper polymer matrix that occurs within Rheological segment. The Rheological property is totally based on Nanocomposite and they are influenced through their macroscopic structure within component requirements. It is important to measure the Rheological segment under a molten state to increase the speed of shear viscosity (Hadi et,al; 2015). The above figure is providing about the frequency response depending upon of G (a) and G (b) for both Laponite based Nano composites. This frequency propagation is made in presence of both amounts of Laponite Particles. From the figure it can be observed that different Laponite has several types of frequency responses which can increase or decrease the Rheological property of any Nano Particle. Their results can be measured from their storage modulus segment that is G and loss modulus G including their complex viscosity. These complex viscosities are fully affected by its concentration. This figure is illustrated bellow. The above figure is represents the frequency variance for G (a) as well as G (b) along with their viscosity (c). These types of nanocomposite are deeply based on various amount of polymeric structure. Polymer based Nano particles can be achieved through different scattering techniques along with small range of spectroscopic investigation. These types of techniques are based on thermal analysis to provide a quantitative as well as accurate representation to maintain Rheological property. It is important to make Gel formation with proper formation of Laponite segments to make a Rheological configuration. To make proper sol dispersion the experiment should concentrate at 15 % to 25 % mixing with solid mechanical stirrer. Laponite S482 material must be added with a single dose forming over a period of 30 seconds. The mixer speed should be produced at a solid content that cause all the enough power to fulfil the water solidest without any clumps. The solidest contents must apply over 20 % falling case to increase the viscosity of mixture within a few minutes. Advantage of Matrix based Polymer nanocomposite Nano composites are the main function to make a mixture appropriate as per its requirements. It is important to make the mixture proper with accurate composites that should be produced through different types of Laponite segments. Sols of Laponite should be prepared with accurate grade supplied concentrated dispersion. It can be observed different types of advantages are available for matrix based polymer they are discussed below: The Nano composite has higher performance to build a particle for fuel saving. These saving methods have excellent strength feature that can be achieved by different types of composite materials. Laminate patterns should be observed through this matrix based polymer with proper mechanical property. It is easier to accomplish a superior performance by making a drag reduction for a smooth surface. This surface can be made through different types of manufacturer operation as well as its modulus characteristics. The counting segment of Part can be reduced with matrix based polymer based nanoparticle. The Nano particle offers different types of resistance to make the mixture excellent. The chemical and damaging compositions are developed to deal with this structure to make the system perfect. Polymer Melts Polymer melts has been made during Rheology segment to make the polymer solution perfect. It is important to maintain the molten state to gain the basic fundamental idea of polymeric behaviours. This is done as because the rheological behaviours are deeply influenced by the polymer structure along with its interfacial characteristics. The Rheology of polymer melts is fully dependable upon its polymer structure along with Laponite segment. The source material are analysed by their mechanical properties to measure the mixture parameters. The relaxations of polymer stress are measured by different modulus proper of a material. By applying a proper technique it is easy to determine the lubricated melted polymer melts (Hadi et,al; 2015). Polymer Blends The polymer blends are used to enhance the interest of polymer melts within its requirements that are directly related with the polymer activities. The polymer activities will enhance the performance of Rheological performance with advance performance that is based on well known products on their phase behaviour. Polymer blends are totally based on rheological performance to make the mixture perfect as per its requirements along with its different types of crystalline polymers. Polymer blends has the ability to control interface bonding with proper structural format. On the other side the polymer blends will also able to control morphology by using reactive polymer segment (Thomas, 2012). Vital Types of Multi-Phase Polymers: Compounds and Blends The polymer effect cannot make a mix up segment with each polymer properties for a large number of studies as because different types of polymer materials are involved in a polymeric. It can be seen that polymer materials has different types of physical properties to make an effective mixture in Rheology department. The Rheological segment is directly combined with polymeric portion with phase separated polymers. Different types of polymer blends are varied with several polymeric combinations to make the rheological process effective along with its proper structure. It can be observed that polymeric materials are involved for both academic and industrial interests. The main difference of polymer blends is their behaviour with each other. The main advantage of this segment is to make the combination effective with multi surface modification of Laponite material along with their physical properties that can be modified and controlled with reactive technology. The polymeric technology i nvolves different types of compositions to make the system effective with proper impact modifier as well as its blends (Thomas, 2012). Chapter 2: Polymer Nano-composites based on Laponite and poly Introduction In this segment different types of Laponite as well as its clay are used to make an experiment. PEO or Aldrich is also used in this segment to receive its molecular segments. The normal weight of PEOs were 2 * 10 ^5, 3 * 10 ^5, 6 * 10^5 and 9 * 10^5 g/mol. It is essential to take proper material to make a perfect experiment within requirement property. Viscosity is an important segment in this particular measurement to find the z-average square radius of gyration of the entire PEOs along with its measurement properties. The normal average of this Nano composite is Mw 6 10^3 g/mol in water section at a rate of 250 C. This report can be represented as Ã… ¾ = 4.33 * 104 Mw 0.679 (dl/g) and S2 = 4.08 1018 M 1.16 w (cm2). C * =3Mz/ 4 * 3.12 * NA (S2) * 10^ 2 (w/v) The above figure represents Z average along with its proper radius of gyration of the PEOs material that is tied up with overlap concentration. This concentration is made through the above equation. Laponite RD, RDS and JS have made a combination to prepare a penetration along with its thickened composition. The compositions are made with exact surface along with oriented segment. Here substantially perpendicular is used to control the experimental procedure that means within 20 % from perpendicular the metal is focusing to each other. It can be observed that Laponite RD is a free flowing silicate layer that has a bulk amount of density about 1000 Kg/m3 including its surface area 370m2/g. The pH of the metal should have a limit approximately 2 % of the entire suspension in water. The weight of the composite is basically 59.5 % Si02, 27.5% MgO, 0.8% Li20, and 2.8% Na20. These are the perfect combination to make a valuable mixture. Laponite RDS are also used here to make a synthetic la yered silicate along with its bulk density of 1000kg/m3. The Rheological process should be making within proper requirements by sufficient Laponite stock solution with a dissolving power 1.5 g in 100 ml of water. The water should be used distilled for few days to get exact result (Thomas, 2012). The mixture should be perfect through Laponite and PEO along with accurate adding of PEO stock at a temperature 240 c. This concentration should be made for Laponite segment with its tree proper section such that RD, RDS and JS including PEO. The mixtures were varied at a range of 1.0 to 1.88 % (w/v) and 0.065 to 0.47 (w/v) randomly. To make a proper mixture solution the mixture should be kept 1.5 % Laponite metal and 0.30 % (W/v) with PEO. 2ml PEO stock should be added in the mixture with proper test tube to make a perfect solution. The mixture volume should be completed to 10 ml with accurate distilled water. Mw (g/mol) S2 1/2 z (nm) c (%, w/v) 2 10^5 24 0.6 3 10^5 30.3 0.47 6 10^5 45.4 0.27 9 10^5 57.4 0.2. The above table gives a presentation about the molecular weight Mw along with its Z- average radius of gyration to make a overlapping concentration of PEO. This PEO is used by making a combination with the entire penetration of Laponite PEO dispersion. Laponite stock solution can be made in a test tube with proper volume along with 10 ml distilled water. After making a good preparation the particular mixture should be shacked well for 15 to 20 minutes to increase the viscosity. Shaking portion is usually made to prepare the formation of the Gel. Experimental process To measure the relaxation process it is important to shake gels formed with a proper metal bead of 4.0 mm diameter. This metal should be placed on the surface of the mixture after finishing the shaking segment. The gels are longer and well targeted with shorter relaxation through proper Laponite metal. During mixture segment it is important to use Laponite RDS to make a uniaxial compression that were performed with the shake gels for 15 minutes. During the mixture presentation it is important to measure the mechanical preparation by conducting a thermostatic room with 0.5 0 C. Some key parts are using in this test to increase the gel preparation with a fixed amount of preparation. It is easy to determine different Laponite metals and their efficiency to make a proper Rheological mixture. A fixed amount of shake gel has been made to make the preparation perfect. This preparation is also transferred into a cylindrical vial approximately 56 mm in diameter and its height is about 46 mm. This segment was placed on a digital balance to make the preparation (Thomas, 2012). The above figure describes about a uniaxial compression that has made an apparatus to measure the stress strain compression on shake gels after finishing the gel preparation. From the above figure it can be observed that a cylinder format that is also placed on a digital balance. The load is directly transmitted into this cylindrical segment in vertically. The load is fitted with PTFE at an end plate. The force is acting on the comparator portion of the cylindrical segment. The deformation should be measured in terms of L by using a digital comparator. The digital comparator has been made in IDC type along with a proper digital indicator to make the preparation sensitive about 10 ^-3 displacement. The above figure provides a typical stress strain to shake the Gel samples with a proper PEO concentration about 0.3 %. The Laponite concentration can be measured at 1025, 1038 and 1.50 %. The measurement gave proper reproductive segment that is subjected to the gel formation including formation and deformation less than 5 in. This is fixed type PEO concentration along with Laponite PEO mixtures. The linear relationship will make a slope to make the modulus G of shake gels. The samples were made through proper solution as well as melting compounding segment. This section controls the Laponite particles that were produced with PEO at the initial stage in water to increase the compatibility of those particles along with polymer matrix. It is essential to protect the polymer Laponite polymers that were deeply dispersed by PEO under gentle stirring into deionised water. This water should be kept for 24 hours with a concentration of 1 % mixture. Two different types of solution were mixed with equal proportions and they are kept under adsorption segment for PEO portion about 10000 terms. This is a Laponite particle that should be covered by PEO chains as adsorbed particles. The preparation method can be calculated in terms of volume about 0.1 to 9 % for final Laponite concentration. It is important to measure the Laponite concentration through proper measurement techniques so that it is easy for homogenous mixture. The above solution has proper Laponite segment like RD, JS and RDS to make the preparation perfect that was covered by OPEO chains. To preserve the humongous dispersion it is possible for stabilized suspension to measure its particles with non aggregated particles. The solution should be made with 5 % PEO to make the solution perfect with proper suspension process. Major Laponite particles are quickly frozen with liquid nitrogen for 12 to 18 hours at a rate of -46 degree centigrade. It is easy to make a melt preparation with proper Laponite concentration via an accurate solution that should be considered as a Laponite solution including its concentration for melt interaction. Nanocomposite was directly prepared by Laponite particles with a proper polymer matrix PEO 10000. During a molten stage it is important to use micro computer to retain retaining twin screw operation at 110 temperatures. The absorbed PEO chains are made for perfect concentration with proper counted polymer matrix that is totally based on different types of volume fractions. Rheological measurement is totally tied up with viscoelastic segment with proper PEO measurement that used for stress controlled TA ARG2 rheological segment. The measurements were done with proper Laponite segment at a fixed temperature. The measurements were measured by using proper Laponite particle along with its polymer matrix under oscillatory shear into a linear domain at a temperature of 110 degree centigrade. The sample files were frequently molten within an isothermal range for 5 minutes. The melting temperature of PEO is 110 degree centigrade. It can be seen the viscoelastic properties of the entire Laponite metals are depending upon the flow strategy to make a structural form. The process is simple to complete the micro structural collaboration with the help of polymer matrix formation. The nanoparticles were found in the middle time of micro structural segment. A Rheometer at a frequency of 0.1 rad/s is used to measure the speed of the microstructure collaboration. The data were collected at the end of the mixture with proper equilibration period to solve the required equations. The suspension was made with different types of Clay segment along with its properties to control molar concentration. The basic properties sodium is its pH segment that was also maintained by the Laponite particles. During rheological process the pH level of water is raised about 10 and this segment was controlled by NaOH to provide sufficient amount of chemical sustainability to the particular suspension. The above picture provides an accurate description of a Rheological fragmentation through Laponite materials. From the figure it is seen that a transducer is used to take a proper rheological experiment to give proper output. The pulse receive is used to take appropriate data from the transducer segment. It is essential to measure water circulation of the entire rheological portion so that the designer can able to take accurate source information from the transducer output. Laponite particles are taken to make a proper mixture with six systems to make an accurate concentration. It is important to avoid the loss factor during a rheological experiment. This process can be achieved with the help of carbon die oxide along with its contamination. The free surface of the contamination is used to stop the experimental process by which the ageing time was measured. It can be observed that the storage model was totally independent upon the time and frequency to decrease the frequency of the e xperimental procedure. In the above experiment the Laponite are used in powdered form and these powder form are very useful to make a Rheological product within 0.5-3gm ranges. Laponite is used widely basis as a material based model for its high dispersibility in little water about 20 ml. The resultant product will be in uniform shape of its individual disc shaped platelets. O0. Laponite mixed with 20ml water by slowly adding of 0.1g of Laponite powder. The pH of the water was adjusted to 10 with 1 M NaOH. The prepared dispersion was stirred for 15 to 18 hours in a magnetic mixer at a speed of 1000 rpm. Then the final dispersion was filtered through whatman filter that is totally different with magnetic segment to remove clay segment from large aggolometers. Finally X ray scattering is used at a room temperature to measure the environment of the Rheological experiment for a wide range that measures its vector segment from 0.02 to 5 -1. The particular experiment was measured in a low noise operating segment with 2D glass detector along with a flat image plate for a large angle. Copper rotating anode is using here including magnetic flux to measure the image signal from the rotating anode. The image can be displayed at a high resolution with high flux density. The X ray beam path should be controlled by proper beam photons over 350 micro millimetres including its entire diameter. This diameter is ranged under vacuum to measure nanocomposite pellets to make a solid measurement segment. The PEO channels are omitted through a large scale of angle peaks to measure the process as well as the flux resolutions. Results The above figure represents the main frequency dependable variance with multi measured sample at a high temperature about 110 degrees centigrade. This solution was made with the solution rate along with proper Laponite loadings that has a proper range from 0 to 9.1 weights in percentage. From the figure it can be observed that the storage modulus G is used for closed symbols along with its loss modulus G. These two symbols are used for two different types of modulus such that open and closed symbols. The frequency are taken for different sample periods with proper solution that having different types of Laponite loadings. The viscoelastic segment represents the actual behaviour of measured frequency of the entire Rheological process. G is the perfect standard for pure PEO material to detect the intermediate frequency of a Rheometer for higher frequencies. The Laponite particle has proper elastic segment that becomes higher than G. It is also dependent upon nanocomposite behaviour to measure pure PEO about 10000. The existence of low frequency nanocomposite is suitable for 1 Pa with solid structural connection. The above figure describes about the nanocomposite models perception up to 2 % to make a proper segment. To increase or decrease the network structure it is important to collect the clay sample content beyond 2 % viscosity behaviour. The elastic limit of this measured frequency is greater than previous frequency model. The entire frequency was observed into the rheological process without any polymer structure to set a frequency range about 2 to 5 dB. Some segments are used o measure the slow process of rheological experiment that arranged the structural format of the remaining nanocomposite models. It is important to measure higher filler count of these types of rearrangement filter. To better understanding the designer should use a dissipation model for structural rearrangement with proper nanoparticle segments. The network structure maintains elastic m odel along with its new findings that were compared with viscoelastic response to measure the Laponite segment via melt route. The above figure makes a clear comparison between Tan and frequency of a proper rheological solution for both closed and open symbols at 110 degree centigrade. The figure describes about and its dissipation. The slope is made with low frequency to increase the Laponite segments for an elastic polymer segment. It is important to measure the Laponite relaxation with valid network structure that will disappear during rheological process. The above figure describes about different types of polymer matrix as well as its frequency response to the Laponite segment. The negative slopes go higher to increase the performance level by accessing the elastic polymer of clay network or its structure. The network structure varied for different types of processing routes with sufficient network traffics to manage the magnitude orders. The above figure represents about the variation response along with viscoelastic segment to maintain a response for various scaling points. It is important to maintain the scaling law for both open and closed system compared with Laponite weight for nanocomposite solution route. Modulate (Pa) Exponent of Power law () Solution path (S) Melt Route G0 2.8 0.3 4.1 + 0.2 G 0 2.7 0.25 4.4 + 0.3 The table represents several types power laws that are expected for a proper rheological solution as well as its melt operation system. to make a proper Rheological system it is important to use Laponite PEO particle that will manage the rheological mixture solution. The behaviour of rheological segment also controlled by 0.5 % prepared solution that is very close to a 2 % mixture segment for melt route by obtaining modulus mixture. The above figure stated about the distribution segment as well as its cumulative number during DLS measurement segment. The measurement was done with Laponite powder with 20 ml water and stirred for 16 hours completely. The distribution was made by dynamic light scattering for the entire Laponite suspension. To measure the spin lattice relaxation it is very important to measure the water molecules that absorb on surface of Laponite powder. The PEO Laponite segments are used here to measure the valid concentration segment during the Rheological preparation. Discussion From the above process it can be seen that the connection has been made among the solid particles to maintain the Laponite connection at low frequency. This frequency is highly dependable for Laponite concentration and the process is used for the Rheological preparation. Blend No Components A/B Weight ratio A/B BM1-1 Laponite RDS and JS 52/48 BM0-1 Laponite Rd and JS 64/36 BM1-2 Laponite JS and Water 60/40 BM0-1 Laponite Sl25 and RDS 70/30 BM1-2 Laponite EP twice 60/40 BM2-0 Laponite S-482 and RD 55/45 BM1-3 Laponite EP and JS 75/25 BM2-3 Laponite RDS and EP 61/39 BM0-3 Laponite RD and EP 60/40 The above table represents different types of blends and its use in Rheological segment to analyse the rheological process. It is important to measure components ration that were using into a rheological process to measure its efficiency. This is the perfect table to measure the blend process that is also used in Rheological process for different types of concentration. The melt is also prepared for several types of concentration to switch Laponite EP particle within its rheological behaviour. The structural variation can be seen with small angle including X-ray scattering data to control the sample file. The structural variations are deeply dependent on different types of particle concentration to prepare the perfect rheological solution. From the SAXS data it can be observed that those particular data are independently focusing on larger scale with probable X-rays formation (Chen and Zhang, 2011). The SAXS data can be achieved by making a proper debut with Laponite as well as PEO p article. The suitable PEO can be made between separated particles and non addressable particles would make a static scattering techniques process. this concept is very clear to make a proper segment as well as schematic representation of the entire nanocomposite particles to make a rheological segment. the schematic representation is possible to make a melt processing modulus with high particle concentration that can be associated with a high modulus phase. The above figure is a schematic representation for different analogous blend behaviour that is suitable for melted prepared sample. This sample file can be obtained by measuring the variance of different types of concentration of solution to make dispersed particles. The schematic diagram has ability to make a polymer blend behaviour that will also explain for a prepared solution by obtaining the solution (Chen and Zhang, 2011). Rheological properties importance for developing phase structure The properties of the components of the two-phase system directly influences over the property of the overall two-phase system. Along with the individual properties, the way the discrete droplets of phase are distributed over the matrix phase that is continuous, also impacts up on the behaviour of the overall phase (Hadi, Hamzah and Rodhi, 2015). The shape, size distribution and size also impacts over the overall properties and behaviour of the material. The morphology of the constituent polymers influences the rheological properties of the multiphase systems. The morphology of the overall material depends on the process how the components interact thermodynamically with one another and their flow history. Thus while a multiphase system is being processed it is necessary to understand the rheological properties so that the multiphase system can be designed in accordance with the morphological behaviour of the phase separated states. The average responses like the coalescence of size drops represent the property of the whole system (Vshivkov and Byzov, 2013). Thus it impacts on the standard models of the changes of morphology of polymer blends. In case of the blending with the narrowly distributed size of drops, it is merely correct. In some cases the domain size may differ with respect to the three distinct orders of the magnitudes. In that case the average size is invalid and do not impact on the overall system. A kinetic theory related to the development of the polymer structure was been recently proposed. In this theory, in case of the sharing in steady state situation, the break up coalescence was considered. This theory helps to study and evaluate critical molecular weight that helps to control the multi phase systems rheological properties and make necessary blending of the polymer materials as required. Thus the multi beaded finitely extensible non linear elastic chain polymer melting model can be derives as expected set. The type p of the product that i s being produced must be properly evaluated before making the polymer multiphase polymer substances (Bandyopadhyay and Sinha Ray, 2011). The new theory also helps to find the relation between the flexibility, characteristic length and dimensionless critical weight. There are other studies too that helps to determine the elasticity of the polymer materials with the help of the elasticity tester. This is one of the most important property of the polymers that is requires to be controlled while manufacturing the multiphase polymer. Thus the variation of the structure and the rheological property of the overall system thus the product will be applicable for the different purpose. Actually if a product is manufactured then the product need to be made for some application in the practical field. This is very much important to understand the application and the requirements of the quality of the product. The multiphase polymer is a material that can have different properties in accordance with the style and the process of the manufacturing (Hamad, Kaseem and Deri, 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The construction process is thus carried out so that it can meet the requirements of the applicable area. Hence, the elasticity is controlled while preparing such multi phased product and a desirable product is manufactured so that it can be most appropriate for the applications. The improvement of the electrical property is also required to be carried out with the proper blending process of the phases of a multiphase system. The styrene-butadiene-styrene is one of the important types of polymers which is mainly used for the improvement of the electrical property of the composed polymer material. Different types of the polymer material are also mixed with it for the better result of the product. Thus the rheological property is also important to be determined for the improvement of the product as how it reacts on the different exerted forces. While the polymer materials are being mixed the rheological property also helps to determine how the mixture will be with respect to the techni que undertaken for the process (Bhattarai et al., 2011). While the flow is being occurred it requires to be controlled so that the proper blending can be carried out. At the yield point the shear stress is highly dependent on the temperature and the viscosity is one of the most important controllers of the blending process of one polymer component in to other. The mechanism of the structure breakdown is controlled by the steady state viscosities. The relaxation of the shear stress is required to be done while the flow is being cessed and the situation faces different complexities with respect to the variation of the preceding flow duration, casting solvent and the temperature of the system (HE, YU and ZHOU, 2010). During the process of fibrillating the viscosity as well as the elasticity has a great effect over the process. The viscosity ratio, elasticity effect and the different types of the interfacial properties is required to be taken under consideration. The viscosity ratio var ies with respect to the types of the polymers. The upper bound of the viscosity ratio is also significant and there are no other values called the lower bound of the system in this case. This can be varied for the purpose of the polymer blending for the effective material manufacturing. The importance of considering the stress and strain history of the sample materials while investigation rheological properties The stress strain history is important to be taken under consideration while rheology of certain material is being investigated. The prime five factors of the rheological investigation is the strain, stress, conditions of the geometric boundary, rate of strain and the mode of deformation (Huang, Jiang and Li, 2008). For understanding the materials rheological properties well it is necessary to understand it from two different aspects. One aspect is to measure the amount of deformation that is resulted from the force that is applied. Another aspect is to measure the required force for obtaining a certain deformation. The ratio of the force and the cross sectional area where the force is applied, is called the stress and the obtained or expected changes is called the strain. The strain or rate of strain is also requires to be measured. Again the flow can be classified in mainly two types one of the types of the flow is called the shear flow and other types of flow is called the shear f ree flow. In each of the cases the stress and the rat of strain individually takes different form (Subbu et al., 2015). The situation is directly related with the changes of the micro structure of the system. The micro structural changes have direct impact over the rheological response of a system, thus the system is requires to be formed with a specific style process so that a specific rheological response can be obtained. Thus the application of the polymer material that is made of blending multiple materials is predetermined. The relationship between the micro structural change and the rheological behaviour change can be classified from two aspects. Firstly the Nano-composites microstructure has direct impact over the viscoelastic behaviour and secondly during the transitional state from liquid to solid through the isothermal crystallisation process of the polyolefin over the other rheological behaviours. The study of the rheological behaviour helps to understand the necessities of the property of the polymer (Ivanov, Kotsilkova and Krusteva, 2011). Understanding the rheological factors like the stress and strain helps to predetermine the process of the development of the structure and the evolution of the morphology. Thus the desirable product can be obtained through the whole process of the polymer material manufacturing. Thu the material can have the exact property that is required for the practical and effective application in the practical field. While the assessment of the liquid crystal line polymers with the polycarbonate resin is carried out, the thermoplastic host polymers melting process ability is directly affected. The processing of the polymer is highly influenced by the process and the elongation of the phase helps to make a better processing style for the improvement of the quality of the in accordance with the requirements (Stephan et al., 2006). The morphological dev elopment cannot be obtained through the shear flow but the converging flow is able to extend the phase of the liquid crystal line polymers. There are different techniques that help to develop the process with the different process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The application of the optical microscopy, viscoelastic Rheology and the inverse gas chromatography varies with respect to the different types of the compositions of blending. In case of the homogeneous polymers, it acne be observed that these types of materials melts at the lower temperature. If the temperature is increased the terminal relaxation time and the longer time / low frequency plateau is increased. The variation of the temperature has significant impact over the variation of the morphological behaviour. The process of the morphological development is usually obtained while the system is at a range of temperature limit. It is not dependent on any specific critical temperature. The observation of the specific behaviour can be obtained from the IGC analysis as well as with the help of the optical microscopy in case of such blending process. The different theories analyses the relation between the different properties like the origin of the elasticity or time and temperature superposition. These theories help to determine the process of the controlling the morphology, the manufacturing process, and these theories are mostly derived from the practically obtained results. Thus, all of the rheological behaviour helps to make proper understanding of the factors those impacts over the blending process. The practical analysis of the rheological factors helps to improve the materials through the different process so that the proper quality of the multi-phased polymer can be obtained (Kaneko, Miwa and Nakamura, 2007). The process of the system is also modified with the help of the morphological modification. This helps to make better process with the available equipments in the practical field. Therefore, it is important to study and considering the stress strain history of the sample materials while investigating the rheological factors of a sample. Development of polymer blend Rheology The different types of the research have been carried out so that the improvement of the polymer blend Rheology can be improved with the study. The researchers mainly try to improve the quality of the product and make it suitable to use. A polymer manufacturing process can be improved from different way. Firstly, the product quality can be directly improved and the rheological sturdy will help to modify the morphology of the system. Again, the manufacturing process and the different stages can be modified or extended for the better preparation and quality improvement with the help of the rheological study (Kaseem, Hamad and Deri, 2011). A specific rheological behaviour required to be obtained so that a special property can be achieved n the sample product. The polymer science has a significant part that is called the technology of the polymer blend. Different types o research ahs been carried out specifically in the last thirty years. The advantages of the different types of the exis ting polymer blend are studies so that these can be properly applicable in the practical application. Again, the new development of the new polymeric structure is also carried out so that the better quality for specific requirements in the practical fields can be obtained. The different types of the existing and evolved polymer materials helped to carry out the research and invent new types of the products so that the commercialisation of the product can be carried out from different aspects (Mnstedt, 2011). The new composition of the different monomer or polymer is also improved with the research process. However, the formation of the new polymeric structure is not as suitable to use as the polymer blending. The property of a new polymeric structure is usually constant and cannot be varied. Thus, the new polymeric structures are not as flexible to use as it is in case of the polymer blend. Thus, the current research on the polymer blend is much widespread so that the specific outpu t of the product quality can be obtained with the desirable properties. The process of the synthesizing new polymer structure is also much difficult than the process of polymer blending. In case of the polymer blend required property profile combination is smoothly variable and easily carried out. The process is relatively much less expensive and less time consuming too. The rheological study helps to improve the process of polymer blend so that the better and improved combination of the polymer can be obtained with the easiest way. This not only helps to understand the miscibility nature but also to understand the behaviour of the each phase and the process of the blending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some of the polymer blends are miscible in nature. These types of polymer blends are very much important to be evaluated for the research process as these have better thermodynamic implications as well as these products are relevant in the commercial processes as well (Pipich, Schwahn and Willner, 2002). The blends can also be carried out with the help of the phase-separated blends. This is very much important in the polymer blend technology as these products have different types of the advantages of property that cannot be obtained from the single-phase blends. In case of the single-phase blends, it is easier to achieve significant mechanical compatibility that is actually the average property of the components of the blend and its difference with the ultimate blended product. The best property that can be obtained from the phase-separated blend is the impact modification. In addition, in case of the immiscible blends, the different properties like the improvement of the rheological factors, resistance, rupture, environmental stress, adhesion, flammability, opacity, performance, cost optimisation can be obtained (Scarpas, 2012). Different research has also been carried out so that the mechanical compatibility can be obtained with the most efficient way in case of the phase separated polymers. This should help it to make better sample of product that will help to commercialise it further. The most important processes of the improvement of the mechanical compatibility are the interpenetrating the polymer networks block or graft copolymers, adding basic or acidic materials, reactive extrusion and adding the interfacial agents of the polymeric substances etc. this area of the research was continuously modified from the different aspects as it was started from the (Zhen and Wang, 2015). The situation was varied as the requirement of the product varies with respect to the different requirements. In case of the engineering polymer blending, it is very much important to commercialise the product so that it can be applicable for the practical applications. The production cost and easier method of the huge production is very much important for the engineering research so that the effectiveness of the production process can be easily obtained (Reid and Sajjaanantakul, 2009). Usually different types of the exiting polymers were been used for the commercial blending process. Among these products, some of the most popular products are the polycarbonate and polyester. one of the latest addition in the engineering polymer research result is the ethylene, carbon monoxide alternating copolymers. The improvement of the rheological study of the polymers helps to predict the different behaviour of the would be polymer product so that the preparation of the polymer can be carried out with the help of the theoretical study. The effort of the study in the practical sample formation is much im proved with the help of the study of the rheological behaviours of the polymers. Opportunity and challenges The use of the polymer blend has high opportunity of forming different type of product materials of different properties. Actually, the scope of the research in this field is very much diverse, as the production of the different items needs different types of combination of property. With the help of the polymer blend technology, it is much easier to manufacture a polymer blend that will meet the exact demand of the application requirements (Cai, Ait-Kadi and Brisson, 2003). The rheological study helps to guide the process of the investigation and invention of the new blend in the ways that is more efficient. The property and behaviour of the material is highly dependent of the product type and the morphology. Thus, the research also has diverse opportunity so that there can be different types of more blends that will be better and more efficient in the practical application. There are different types of challenges that the researchers faces during the process of the blending differe nt polymers. The different types of polymers have different level of sensitivity from different aspects. The property of the polymers differs with respect to the fabrication variations, temperature and time dependent behaviours, non linear behaviour, and difference s of the chemical as well as other physical properties (Sant, Ferraris and Weiss, 2008). The morphology of the components of the polymer blends has significant impact over the property of the blended material. Thus, the anticipation of the blended material can be carried out after understanding the morphology of the components. Desirable products can be synthesised with respect to the requirements. The predicting the product property is not too easy as there can be different obstruction for the changing property of the polymer materials. Analysis must be carried out with eth help of the non-Newtonian fluids continuum mechanics. The rate of success in the production of the materials is very much low as the process of the p redicting is not easy. The polymer rheology study has significant impact on the development of the scopes of the polymer materials. The formulation of the advanced theoretical or mathematical framework for the research study with respect to the property of the different polymer materials is very much important (Scaffaro, 2013). This will also help the further study in these fields. Along with that, the research process will get much relevant opportunities and the efficiency of the research will be enhanced. Thus in the immediate and far future the research have various scopes that will help to make better blends for the practical application in the different polymer industries as well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion and Recommendation This paper is focusing to the major evaluation of different types of Rheological experiments that will able to measure different types of Rheological performance. The measurement has been done through different types of Laponite particle like Laponite EP, Laponite RDS, Laponite RD, Laponite S-482 etc. These are the primary segment of Rheological measurement that has been measured in grams to make a concentration which ranged from 1 to 10 % (W/v). During the experimental procedure several types of concentrations are performed as per their requirements to transfer the data with a 1 ml prepared solution. the solid will make a proper combination with its desired output including nanoparticle behaviour. From the entire report it can be observed that the Laponite segments are used to prepare a solution that measured in terms of grams along with polymer matrix form to maintain the property relationships. This relationship is responsible for rheological behaviour including polymer nanocompos ite by suing PEO-Laponite model system. The viscoelastic structure can be achieved through different filter network that is compared with two different processes via melt processing segments. From the entire report it is also recommended that the behaviour quality of the Laponite particles should improve to provide is accurate result. The behaviour quantity of the particles would expand the polymer blends structure with accurate blends. 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